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2024-02-26md: Don't clear MD_CLOSING when the raid is about to stopLi Nan
The raid should not be opened anymore when it is about to be stopped. However, other processes can open it again if the flag MD_CLOSING is cleared before exiting. From now on, this flag will not be cleared when the raid will be stopped. Fixes: 065e519e71b2 ("md: MD_CLOSING needs to be cleared after called md_set_readonly or do_md_stop") Signed-off-by: Li Nan <linan122@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Yu Kuai <yukuai3@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240226031444.3606764-6-linan666@huaweicloud.com
2024-02-26md: return directly before setting did_set_md_closingLi Nan
There is nothing to do at 'out' before setting 'did_set_md_closing' in md_ioctl(). Return directly, and it will help us to remove 'did_set_md_closing' later. Signed-off-by: Li Nan <linan122@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240226031444.3606764-5-linan666@huaweicloud.com
2024-02-26md: clean up invalid BUG_ON in md_ioctlLi Nan
'disk->private_data' is set to mddev in md_alloc() and never set to NULL, and users need to open mddev before submitting ioctl. So mddev must not have been freed during ioctl, and there is no need to check mddev here. Clean up it. Signed-off-by: Li Nan <linan122@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Yu Kuai <yukuai3@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240226031444.3606764-4-linan666@huaweicloud.com
2024-02-26md: changed the switch of RAID_VERSION to ifLi Nan
There is only one case of this 'switch'. Change it to 'if'. Signed-off-by: Li Nan <linan122@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240226031444.3606764-3-linan666@huaweicloud.com
2024-02-26md: merge the check of capabilities into md_ioctl_valid()Li Nan
There is no functional change. Just to make code cleaner. Signed-off-by: Li Nan <linan122@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Yu Kuai <yukuai3@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Song Liu <song@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240226031444.3606764-2-linan666@huaweicloud.com
2024-02-25bcache: port block device access to filesChristian Brauner
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240123-vfs-bdev-file-v2-13-adbd023e19cc@kernel.org Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
2024-02-25md: port block device access to fileChristian Brauner
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240123-vfs-bdev-file-v2-4-adbd023e19cc@kernel.org Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
2024-02-24Merge tag 'for-6.8/dm-fix-3' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm Pull device mapper fix from Mike Snitzer: - Fix DM integrity and verity targets to not use excessive stack when they recheck in the error path. * tag 'for-6.8/dm-fix-3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm: dm-integrity, dm-verity: reduce stack usage for recheck
2024-02-24dm-integrity, dm-verity: reduce stack usage for recheckArnd Bergmann
The newly added integrity_recheck() function has another larger stack allocation, just like its caller integrity_metadata(). When it gets inlined, the combination of the two exceeds the warning limit for 32-bit architectures and possibly risks an overflow when this is called from a deep call chain through a file system: drivers/md/dm-integrity.c:1767:13: error: stack frame size (1048) exceeds limit (1024) in 'integrity_metadata' [-Werror,-Wframe-larger-than] 1767 | static void integrity_metadata(struct work_struct *w) Since the caller at this point is done using its checksum buffer, just reuse the same buffer in the new function to avoid the double allocation. [Mikulas: add "noinline" to integrity_recheck and verity_recheck. These functions are only called on error, so they shouldn't bloat the stack frame or code size of the caller.] Fixes: c88f5e553fe3 ("dm-integrity: recheck the integrity tag after a failure") Fixes: 9177f3c0dea6 ("dm-verity: recheck the hash after a failure") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-23Merge tag 'for-6.8/dm-fixes-2' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm Pull device mapper fixes from Mike Snitzer: - Stable fixes for 3 DM targets (integrity, verity and crypt) to address systemic failure that can occur if user provided pages map to the same block. - Fix DM crypt to not allow modifying data that being encrypted for authenticated encryption. - Fix DM crypt and verity targets to align their respective bvec_iter struct members to avoid the need for byte level access (due to __packed attribute) that is costly on some arches (like RISC). * tag 'for-6.8/dm-fixes-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm: dm-crypt, dm-integrity, dm-verity: bump target version dm-verity, dm-crypt: align "struct bvec_iter" correctly dm-crypt: recheck the integrity tag after a failure dm-crypt: don't modify the data when using authenticated encryption dm-verity: recheck the hash after a failure dm-integrity: recheck the integrity tag after a failure
2024-02-22bcache: use of hlist_count_nodes()Pierre Gondois
Make use of the newly added hlist_count_nodes(). Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240104164937.424320-4-pierre.gondois@arm.com Signed-off-by: Pierre Gondois <pierre.gondois@arm.com> Acked-by: Coly Li <colyli@suse.de> Acked-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com> Cc: Carlos Llamas <cmllamas@google.com> Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com> Cc: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@joelfernandes.org> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Cc: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com> Cc: Martijn Coenen <maco@android.com> Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com> Cc: Todd Kjos <tkjos@android.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2024-02-22dm: treat alloc_dax() -EOPNOTSUPP failure as non-fatalMathieu Desnoyers
In preparation for checking whether the architecture has data cache aliasing within alloc_dax(), modify the error handling of dm alloc_dev() to treat alloc_dax() -EOPNOTSUPP failure as non-fatal. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240215144633.96437-5-mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com Fixes: d92576f1167c ("dax: does not work correctly with virtual aliasing caches") Suggested-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> Reviewed-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: Alasdair Kergon <agk@redhat.com> Cc: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Cc: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: Vishal Verma <vishal.l.verma@intel.com> Cc: Dave Jiang <dave.jiang@intel.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com> Cc: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com> Cc: Michael Sclafani <dm-devel@lists.linux.dev> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2024-02-22Merge tag 'block-6.8-2024-02-22' of git://git.kernel.dk/linuxLinus Torvalds
Pull block fixes from Jens Axboe: "Mostly just fixlets for md, but also a sed-opal parsing fix" * tag 'block-6.8-2024-02-22' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux: block: sed-opal: handle empty atoms when parsing response md: Don't suspend the array for interrupted reshape md: Don't register sync_thread for reshape directly md: Make sure md_do_sync() will set MD_RECOVERY_DONE md: Don't ignore read-only array in md_check_recovery() md: Don't ignore suspended array in md_check_recovery() md: Fix missing release of 'active_io' for flush
2024-02-20dm: update relevant MODULE_AUTHOR entries to latest dm-devel mailing listMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm ioctl: update DM_DRIVER_EMAIL to new dm-devel mailing listMike Snitzer
Fixes: 3da5d2de9238 ("MAINTAINERS: update the dm-devel mailing list") Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm verity: set DM_TARGET_SINGLETON feature flagFan Wu
The device-mapper has a flag to mark targets as singleton, which is a required flag for immutable targets. Without this flag, multiple dm-verity targets can be added to a mapped device, which has no practical use cases and will let dm_table_get_immutable_target return NULL. This patch adds the missing flag, restricting only one dm-verity target per mapped device. Signed-off-by: Fan Wu <wufan@linux.microsoft.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm crypt: Fix IO priority lost when queuing write biosHongyu Jin
Since dm-crypt queues writes to a different kernel thread (workqueue), the bios will dispatch from tasks with different io_context->ioprio settings and blkcg than the submitting task, thus giving incorrect ioprio to the io scheduler. Get the original IO priority setting via struct dm_crypt_io::base_bio and set this priority in the bio for write. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/dm-devel/alpine.LRH.2.11.1612141049250.13402@mail.ewheeler.net Signed-off-by: Hongyu Jin <hongyu.jin@unisoc.com> Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm verity: Fix IO priority lost when reading FEC and hashHongyu Jin
After obtaining the data, verification or error correction process may trigger a new IO that loses the priority of the original IO, that is, the verification of the higher priority IO may be blocked by the lower priority IO. Make the IO used for verification and error correction follow the priority of the original IO. Co-developed-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Hongyu Jin <hongyu.jin@unisoc.com> Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm bufio: Support IO priorityHongyu Jin
Some IO will dispatch from kworker with different io_context settings than the submitting task, we may need to specify a priority to avoid losing priority. Add dm_bufio_read_with_ioprio() and dm_bufio_prefetch_with_ioprio() for use by bufio users to pass an ioprio other than IOPRIO_DEFAULT. Co-developed-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Hongyu Jin <hongyu.jin@unisoc.com> Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> [snitzer: introduced _with_ioprio() wrappers to reduce churn] Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm io: Support IO priorityHongyu Jin
Some IO will dispatch from kworker with different io_context settings than the submitting task, we may need to specify a priority to avoid losing priority. Add IO priority parameter to dm_io() and update all callers. Co-developed-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Yibin Ding <yibin.ding@unisoc.com> Signed-off-by: Hongyu Jin <hongyu.jin@unisoc.com> Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm vdo logger: update logging to start with "device-mapper: vdo"Mike Snitzer
Stops short of actually using DM's various logging macros (e.g. DMERR, DMINFO, etc) because VDO's logger isn't quite compatible with them. Also switch emit_log_message_to_kernel() from open-coding printk with log-level to using corresponding pr_ macro. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Bruce Johnston <bjohnsto@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo logger: switch UDS_LOG_NOTICE to be alias for UDS_LOG_INFOMike Snitzer
Prepare to bring VDO's logging closer to DM's logging by eliminating support for KERN_NOTICE log level (DM hasn't ever had a need for it). Only one message in index-session.c used UDS_LOG_NOTICE, convert it to log with uds_log_info(). Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Bruce Johnston <bjohnsto@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: tweak wait_for_completion_interruptible callersMike Snitzer
Update uds_join_threads to delay in wait_for_completion_interruptible loop. And cleanup style nits in perform_admin_operation(). Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo delta-index: fix various small nitsMike Snitzer
Fix some needless line wrapping (given surrounding context), missing braces and some stale or incorrect references to data structure or function name. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo chapter_index: fix a few small nitsMike Snitzer
Add missing braces and raise one function arg up a line to eliminate line wrap. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: cleanup style for comments in structsMike Snitzer
Use /* ... */ rather than /** ... */ if for no other reason than syntax highlighting is improved (at least for me, in emacs: comments are now red, code is yellow. Previously comments were also yellow). Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo dedupe: fix various small nitsMike Snitzer
Add a __must_hold sparse annotation to launch_dedupe_state_change that reflects its ASSERTION code comments about locking requirements, add some extra braces and fix a couple typos. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo string-utils: remove unnecessary includesMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo message-stats: reformat to remove excessive newlinesKen Raeburn
Signed-off-by: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm vdo: use #define for NO_CHAPTER and NO_CHAPTER_INDEX_ENTRYMike Snitzer
Avoids unconventional use of 'static const' and enum in headers. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: move encoding constants to encodings.cSusan LeGendre-McGhee
Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm vdo: add documentation details on zones and lockingMatthew Sakai
Add details describing the vdo zone and thread model to the documentation comments for major vdo components. Also added some high-level description of the block map structure. Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org>
2024-02-20dm vdo recovery-journal: fix sparse 'mixed bitwiseness' warningMike Snitzer
Only one user of WRITE_FLAGS so no need to factor it out in an enum (which causes sparse's 'mixed bitwiseness' warning). Just use the flags in the only consumer. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo dedupe: silence sparse warnings about locking context imbalancesMike Snitzer
Annotate both open_index() and close_index() with __must_hold(&zones->lock) to silence these sparse warnings: warning: context imbalance in 'close_index' - unexpected unlock warning: context imbalance in 'open_index' - unexpected unlock Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo data-vio: silence sparse warnings about locking context imbalancesMike Snitzer
Factor wait_permit() out from acquire_permit() so that the latter always holds the spinlock and the former always releases it. Otherwise sparse complains about locking context imbalances due to conditional spin_unlock in acquire_permit: warning: context imbalance in 'acquire_permit' - different lock contexts for basic block warning: context imbalance in 'vdo_launch_bio' - unexpected unlock Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: fix various blk_opf_t sparse warningsMike Snitzer
Use proper blk_opf_t type rather than unsigned int. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: fix sparse 'warning: Using plain integer as NULL pointer'Mike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: fix sparse warnings about missing staticsMike Snitzer
Addresses various sparse warnings like: warning: symbol 'SYMBOL' was not declared. Should it be static? Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: rename struct configuration to uds_configurationMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: rename struct geometry to index_geometryMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo index: fix various small nitsMike Snitzer
Add braces around multi-line while loops and if statements. Also remove excess newlines. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Chung Chung <cchung@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo dedupe: fix various small nitsMike Snitzer
Remove extra blank line, mark function inline, add missing braces, and fix a typo in a comment. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Chung Chung <cchung@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo slab-depot: fix various small nitsMike Snitzer
Comment typo, whitespace issues, mark function inline. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Chung Chung <cchung@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo data-vio: rename is_trim flag to is_discardMike Snitzer
Eliminate use of "trim" in favor of "discard" since it reflects the top-level Linux discard primative rather than the ATA specific ditto. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: rename vdo_map_to_system_error to vdo_status_to_errnoMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: rename uds_map_to_system_error to uds_status_to_errnoMike Snitzer
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo: slight cleanup of UDS error codesMike Snitzer
No need to increment each UDS_ error code manually (relative to UDS_ERROR_CODE_BASE). Also, remove unused PRP_BLOCK_START and PRP_BLOCK_END. Lastly, UDS_SUCCESS and VDO_SUCCESS are used interchangeably; so best to explicitly set VDO_SUCCESS equal to UDS_SUCCESS. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Susan LeGendre-McGhee <slegendr@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo block-map: rename struct cursors member to 'completion'Mike Snitzer
'completion' is more informative name for a 'struct vdo_completion' than 'parent'. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo block-map: avoid extra dereferences to access vdo objectMike Snitzer
The vdo_page_cache's 'vdo' is the same as the block_map's vdo instance, so use that to save 2 extra dereferences. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>
2024-02-20dm vdo block-map: remove extra vdo arg from initialize_block_map_zoneMike Snitzer
The block_map is passed to initialize_block_map_zone, but the block_map's vdo member is already initialized with the same vdo instance, so just use it. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Matthew Sakai <msakai@redhat.com>